016/018 and C13/C14 in Oceans

018/016 Evolution on Earth

The early atmosphere

Geological evidence

Continental indicators

Banded iron formation (BIF)

Iron speciation

Isotopes

Fossils and biomarkers (chemical fossils)

Other indicators

Hypotheses

Evolution by stages

Nutrient famines

Nickel famine

Increasing flux

Decreasing sink

Tectonic trigger

Bistability

Increasing photoperiod

Consequences of oxygenation

Role in mineral diversification

Role in cyanobacteria evolution

Origin of eukaryotes

Lomagundi-Jatuli event

C13/C14 Evolution

History

Physical and chemical details

Principles

Carbon exchange reservoir

Dating considerations

Atmospheric variation

Isotopic fractionation

Reservoir effects

Marine effect

Hemisphere effect

Other effects

Contamination

Samples

Material considerations

Preparation and size

Measurement and results

Beta counting

Accelerator mass spectrometry

Calculations

Errors and reliability

Calibration

Reporting dates

Use in archaeology

Interpretation

Use outside archaeology

Notable applications

Pleistocene/Holocene boundary

in Two Creeks Fossil Forest

Dead Sea Scrolls